National Security: Indian Grand Strategy- a book review

Monday, June 14, 2010
Washington DC: release of book on Indian Grand Strategy for Foreign Policy

Admiral Raja Menon is a former career officer and submarine specialist in the Navy. He is the author of The Indian Navy: A Photo Essay, Maritime Strategy and Continental Wars and A Nuclear Strategy for India. He is a distinguished fellow in the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies and the National Maritime Foundation.

Joining Admiral Menon for the forum will be Ashley Tellis, a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Lisa Curtis, Heritage Foundation's Senior Research Fellow on South Asia. S. Enders Wimbush, Hudson Institute's Senior Vice President, will moderate. Wednesday, June 23, 2010 12:30-2:30 PM

Analyzing some of the major influences on foreign and security policy in India, this synthesis of insights assesses emerging global scenarios from an Indian perspective and details their likely impact on India's current and future national interests. This study first uses the Net Assessment method to detail the scenarios that the country will face in 2020 and then utilizes a transparent method to build three scenarios that India could face and compares them to other situations created by the United States National Intelligence Council and a group of Indian Practitioners. Closing with a possible foreign policy strategy, this reference clearly explains the choices that await a rising India.

The book spells out four possible global scenarios in 2020. The first is one in which the US reinvents itself and surges forward on the tide of development of alternate energy sources. The second envisages a scenario in which the relative power of the US declines and a multipolar world emerges in which regional powers rise to run their regions unilaterally – India in South Asia, China in continental Asia, and the US with Brazil in the Americas. While globalisation reduces political rivalry between nations, there is no co-ordinated action against terrorism and rogue, non-state actors.

The third scenario is one in which the US and China establish a duopoly and begin to co-operate in controlling world institutions, leaving former friends of the US, including India, without a platform. India will then be faced with the choice of either joining the duopoly or facing isolation. The final scenario is one in which economic growth in both the United States and China remains depressed while India grows at a sustained annual rate of nine to ten per cent. The world takes longer to recover from the recession, international bodies become weak and the US becomes more isolationist. India becomes a powerful entity by 2020 but has not yet developed mechanisms to play the role of a constructive global or regional power. Of these, the worst-case scenario from India's perspective is the emergence of a US-China duopoly where China remains hostile to India and the US is unavailable as a balancing power.

The book outlines a strategy that will help India tackle the challenges posed by the possible shift in global power arrangements. It includes:

A strong focus on achieving sustained economic growth with equity as that helps India to withstand a possible duopoly

A hedging military strategy that enables India to switch theatres between North-Continental and South Maritime, abolishing all institutions for passive territorial defence and unifying military command

A technology strategy that gives the private sector its head with government joint ventures and subordinates the human resource development and science and technology ministries to that of service providers with measurable outputs to ride a possible US wave of alternate energy innovation

A national security strategy that creates mechanisms that conjoins the NSA system to the parliamentary system

A domestic strategy that reforms all domestic institutions, particularly the police and the civil service, under external supervision and

The recreation of a foreign policy apparatus that can implement this strategy abroad.

The challenges that India will face in implementing this strategy will come from:

The rise of a galloping China with perceived unsolvable disputes with India and ruled by a monolithic, single party

The fundamentalist threat from an unstable Pakistan in a close alliance with China

The region being overwhelmed by Chinese economic blandishments to support regimes politically hostile to India

The fraying of international institutions

A degraded neighbourhood because of economic compulsions in Bangladesh, continued political upheaval in Nepal, simmering discontent and low level conflict in Sri Lanka and jihadi threat in Pakistan and

The loss of naval superiority in the Indian Ocean.

The book also raises questions about whether India has operational mechanisms needed to implement the strategy that it has outlined. It points out that the lack of a strategic core, which directs policy and oversees implementation, is a major lacuna that needs to be addressed urgently.

Refreshments will be served.
Books will be available for purchase.

To RSVP, please send your name and affiliation to events@hudson.org.
Betsy and Walter Stern Conference Center
Hudson Institute
1015 15th St, NW,
Sixth Floor
Washington, DC 20005
www.hudson.org
washington dc: release of book on Indian Grand Strategy for Foreign Policy
US India Friendship Net

Murder: Macchil killings point to malaise in military

The Hindu: Praveen Swami: SRINAGAR, June 6, 2010
Forensic investigators found no evidence to support the proposition that a fire-fight had taken place: the three victims had all been shot through the head at point blank range.

Shah, a former jihadist who was recruited to the 161 Territorial Army Battalion, is believed to have told the police that Major Singh paid each of the conspirators Rs. 50,000 for helping to kidnap the victims.

Police sources told The Hindu that Colonel Pathania kept Rs. 2,00,000 of the source-payment funds authorised by XV corps. Major Singh is thought to have kept Rs.1,50,000.

The 4 Rajput claimed to have recovered Kalashnikov assault rifles, three other assault rifles, 230 rounds of ammunition and grenades from the killed men. The police believe that they were likely part of a cache recovered by troops along the Line of Control in 2009.

Military sources say the killings were likely driven by intense pressure to secure operational success — a prerequisite for promotions in the Army's intensely competitive hierarchy. The 4 Rajput had registered little counter-infiltration success, compared with other units in the 53 Brigade and adjoining 104 Brigade's areas of operations. The police are now investigating the possibility that the 4 Rajput might have staged an earlier shootout that took place in August 2009 in the Sonapindi pass.

Key to the malaise, the Jammu and Kashmir government believes, is the Army's failure to act against rogue elements.
Read full acount of military misadventure: The Hindu: Macchil killings point to malaise in military

Gen Jaiswal said, “It (inquiry) will be totally transparent and the truth will be there.... The inquiry is on. Our genuine concern is to be transparent. This is the first step. And this should be the indicator that subsequently we will be coming out with the truth.”

This is the second time that the Army has removed a serving officer from a command. Earlier, Colonel Gloria of 33 Rashtriya Rifles was removed for allegedly killing three boys who were playing cricket in a playground in Dudipora-Handwara in February 2006, three months after he had taken over the reins of the counter-insurgency unit.
Read more: Colonel removed, Major suspended in J&K fake encounter case: click here

Major J S Suri succumbs battling terrorists

BRAVEHEART: Major Suresh Suri laid down his life battling terrorists on Wednesday.
September 24, 2009
Srinagar On October 5, Major J S Suri would have turned 30. He had planned to celebrate his birthday with his wife, S Pallavi, by the picturesque Manasbal lake where his 13 Rashtriya Rifles unit is deployed. Pallavi arrived at the 13 RR regimental centre in Manasbal a few days ago. On Wednesday, Major Suri was killed in a major encounter with militants in Bandipore in North Kashmir. Pallavi is in shock. They were married only last year.

“She seemed to have guessed last night that something was wrong... confusing reports about Maj Suri were coming in from the encounter site,” said an Army officer who was part of the 45-hour operation to flush out the militants holed up on an island on Wular lake.

“She is in a state of shock. Officers and jawans of the unit are trying to console her. It was very difficult for senior officers to break the news to her that Maj Suri had sacrificed his life for the nation.”

Pallavi will return with her husband’s body to his home city Hyderabad.

Four Armymen — Maj Suri and three jawans — were killed after security forces engaged two groups of militants in separate encounters over two days in Bandipore and Rafiabad.

Maj Suri joined the 6 Kumaon regiment in 2001, and was on deputation with 13 RR in Bandipore and Ajas. He had served earlier in the Valley in 2004.

He was married last year and his wife had come down for a short duration to visit him. That is when this encounter took place," said Colonel JS Brar, Army Spokesman, 15 Corps. A resident of Hyderabad, Major Suresh Suri was commissioned in the Kumaon Regiment eight years ago and had been posted to Jammu and Kashmir just one year back.

The braveheart would have turned 30 next month had not the terrorist bullet cut short his promising career. For many this braveheart died young but for his colleagues in Army he will live forever.
Major killed in J and K encounter
Last rites of Army Major killed in J-K performed

On behalf of all Readers and Members of RMS forum, we salute Major Suresh Suri. May his soul rest in peace and inspire the rest of the Nation. We profoundly offer our heartfelt condolences to Pallavi and all family members.

After India terrorists train guns at China

July 14, 2009
Urumqi retaliation: Qaeda warns attack on Chinese interests
The Al Qaeda has warned vengeance against China. The terror group has reportedly threatened Chinese interests in Africa in retaliation to the deaths of Muslims in the riot-hit Urumqi recently, according to a risk analysis firm, reports South China Morning Post.
London-based risk analysis firm Stirling Assynt has warned its clients that Al-Qaeda's Algerian-based offshoot, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, has issued the call for vengeance, the report stated.

Although the AQIM appears to be the first arm of Qaeda to officially announce their intentions to target Chinese interests, others are likely to follow, the assessment notes.

Osama bin Laden's outfit has never previously threatened China, but the Stirling report said that vengeance over Beijing's supression in Xinjiang was spreading fast over the global jihadist community.

The trouble began last week when an initially peaceful Muslim demonstration of Uighur exile groups went out of control with violent protesters smashing vehicles and clashing with the police.

The exile groups alleged that the violence started only after the police launched a violent crackdown.

Even as China's riot-hit Urumqi was showing signs of normalcy on Monday, the death toll in the weeklong clashes between the Han Chinese and the Uighur communities touched 180, with the figures most likely to go up.
Urumqi retaliation: Qaeda warns attack on Chinese interests

Mumbai Mayhem: Taliban at the doorstep

... school bombing in Pakistan
The events in Pakistan on its 69th National Day, showing bombed out buildings, bullet ridden walls and weapon carrying men everywhere, indicate that the influence of those who seek to seize control of the country is increasing with each passing day.

TWENTY FOUR HOURS is a long time, they say in politics. It seems it is even longer in the life of a nation. On the morning of March 23, 2009, a British news channel was busy showing a special programme covering the situation in Pakistan’s Swat valley. The scenic valley has been in the news for months now for its detiorating security situation and the capitulation of the Pakistani government to the militants there. It is, however, being presented as an accord to implement Sharia law and not a caving in to the diktat of the Taliban.

When interviewed by the TV journalist, President Zardari made a complete denial of the reports of Pakistani territories being in the control of militants. The channel then panned to the town of Mingora in the Swat valley. If the ticker below the screen shots were to not indicate that this is a Pakistani town, the average viewer could have been forgiven for assuming these to be shots of war scarred Afghanistan.

Bombed out buildings, schools razed to ground, bullet ridden walls and only weapon carrying men everywhere. Every street showed the same scenes of rugged, bearded men, most with black turbans. Nowhere were any women to be spotted, not even burqa clad ones.
Taliban at the doorstep: A President in denial

Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday, March 27, 2009; 8:44 AM
PESHAWAR, Pakistan, Mar. 27 -- A suicide bomber detonated his explosives Friday in a crowded mosque in northwest Pakistan, killing at least 50 people and leaving more bodies buried in the rubble of the building, officials said. Officials said many of those killed and wounded Friday were members of the Frontier Corps, a paramilitary force that patrols the tribal zones. The mosque that was targeted was located in Jamrud town, near the main highway leading to the Khyber Pass into Afghanistan. It is very close to a major Frontier Corps barracks that dates back to British colonial rule.
Suicide Bomber Kills at Least 50 in Pakistan Mosque

Kupwara encounter
Eight members of the Army, one of them a Major, and 17 terrorists are reported to have been killed in a series of encounters between patrols of the Army and five different groups of terrorist infiltrators from the Pakistani territory in densely forested areas of the Kupwara district of Jammu & Kashmir. The encounters, which started on March 20, lasted five days.
The ploy behind the Kupwara encounter

Mumbai Mayhem: Pakistan Terror Camps

Pa26 Mar 2009, 0046 hrs IST, TNN
NEW DELHI: Army chief General Deepak Kapoor on Wednesday said the terror infrastructure across the border was very much intact while hinting at continued support of the Pakistani establishment in the running of 40-50 terrorist camps still active in PoK. Speaking after an award function in the Capital, Gen Kapoor said the Lashkar-e-Taiba was still active in Pakistan despite the action that Islamabad claims to have taken against the outfit.

He said that about 40 to 50 terror camps were operational across the Line of Control (LoC) and terrorists are waiting for an opportunity to infiltrate.

The troops had for the last five days been engaged in a gun-battle in the forests of Kupwara and Handwara. The Army chief did not rule out the assistance of the Pakistani Army as terrorists had infiltrated under cover fire provided by the Pakistani Rangers.

Asked if the arrest of senior LeT operatives by Pakistan had had any impact on its activities, Gen Kapoor said: "I can definitely say that Lashkar is very much still active and as to the amount of difference those arrests have made, it's for you to judge." He said there were still a very large number of foreign militants operating in J&K.

On Wednesday, the Army had lodged a strong protest with its Pakistani counterparts over a ceasefire violation four days ago when Pakistani troops fired throughout the night at Indian posts in Uri sector.
Pakistan still running terror camps: Army chief
Related news
Ransom? US announces USD 10 million reward for Mehsud and Haqqani

Mumbai Mayhem: Taliban enforces Sharia Law in Pakistan?

Hindustan Times, Wed, 25 Mar 2009
Vir Sanghvi
This was brought home to me most clearly by two major events over the last few weeks.

The first of these was the attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team on the streets of Lahore. In their defence, Pakistanis said that they were powerless to act against the terrorists because religious fanaticism was growing. Each day more misguided youngsters joined jihadi outfits and the law and order situation worsened.

Further, they added, things had got so bad that in the tribal areas the government of Pakistan had agreed to suspend the rule of law under pressure from the Taliban and had conceded that sharia law would reign instead. Interestingly, while most civilised liberals should have been appalled by this surrender to the forces of extremism, many Pakistanis defended this concession.

Imran Khan (Keble College, Oxford, 1973-76) even declared that sharia law would be better because justice would be dispensed more swiftly! (I know this is politically incorrect but the Loin of the Punjab’s defence of sharia law reminded me of the famous Private Eye cover when his marriage to Jemima Goldsmith was announced. The Eye carried a picture of Khan speaking to Jemima’s father. “Can I have your daughter’s hand?” Imran was supposedly asking James Goldsmith. “Why? Has she been caught shoplifting?” Goldsmith replied. So much for sharia law.)

The second contrasting event was one that took place in Los Angeles but which was perhaps celebrated more in India than in any other country in the world. Three Indians won Oscars: A.R. Rahman, Resul Pookutty and Gulzar.

Their victory set off a frenzy of rejoicing. We were proud of our countrymen. We were pleased that India’s entertainment industry and its veterans had been recognised at an international platform. And all three men became even bigger heroes than they already were.

But here’s the thing: Not one of them is a Hindu.

Can you imagine such a thing happening in Pakistan? Can you even conceive of a situation where the whole country would celebrate the victory of three members of two religious minorities? For that matter, can you even imagine a situation where people from religious minorities would have got to the top of their fields and were, therefore, in the running for international awards?

On the one hand, you have Pakistan imposing sharia law, doing deals with the Taliban, teaching hatred in madrasas, declaring jihad on the world and trying to kill innocent Sri Lankan cricketers. On the other, you have the triumph of Indian secularism.
Read more click here: The same people? Surely not

Mumbai terror attack planned in Pakistan, top official admits

• Statement reverses earlier denials by Islamabad
• India welcomes arrests of six militant suspects
Saeed Shah in Islamabad The Guardian, Friday 13 February 2009

Last November's terrorist attack on Mumbai was planned and launched from Pakistan, authorities in Islamabad said for the first time yesterday, as they revealed they were holding six suspects in connection with the assault.

Pakistan's interior ministry accused eight people of masterminding the atrocity in which 170 people were killed. Six of those are in custody and cases against all the accused were filed yesterday. The ministry said most, possibly all, belonged to Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group which India had accused of carrying out the attack.

Never before has Pakistan appeared to take such action against a significant jihadist outfit in the country. It had been unclear until yesterday whether there was a serious investigation going on in Pakistan, amid Islamabad's denials that there was any proof its citizens were involved. The outcome was welcomed in India as a "positive development".

"Some part of the conspiracy has taken place in Pakistan," Rehman Malik, the prime minister's adviser on internal affairs said yesterday. "I want to assure the international community, I want to assure all those who have been victims of terrorism, that we mean business."
Read more:
Mumbai terror attack planned in Pakistan, top official admits: guardian.co.uk

Defence Talk: Engaging Pakistan

SO MANY women, who were either wives or mothers of soldiers who laid down their lives receiving posthumous award of Ashok Chakra on Republic Day, is a grim reminder of what India is up against vis-a-vis Pakistan.

Only a couple of months after its creation in August 1947, Pakistan masterminded the invasion of Jammu and Kashmir. Since then, for the past over 60 years, there have been three wars, any number of acts of terrorism, and Pakistan Intelligence agencies supporting and fomenting internal troubles in India. The ongoing campaign to bleed India through terrorism has gone on for too long and its intensity and daring, as shown by attacks in Mumbai on November 26, 2008, should convince the Indian leadership and the people that this will not end by mere talk and diplomacy . The reason is very simple and basic. The Pakistan establishment and in particular the military and ISI are rightly or wrongly convinced that India is a soft state. That its leaders lack the guts to take tough choices and Indian society has become highly self-centered, money minded and corrupt. They can therefore take liberties with India at will.

What the Indian leadership has to examine and take a long-term strategic view is how long can the country accept the hostile actions and violence from Pakistan and to what extent. India cannot go on from one crisis to another as a result of acts of terrorism, violence and threat to its national security and life, forever. India has to plan bold and strategic steps to stop this menace. Actions like striking at bases of terrorists will not bring any worthwhile results. India cannot afford to keep approaching other nations to caution Pakistan and act in a weak manner to each violent incident. The whole world is watching how weak India is in safeguarding its interests.

The Indian political leadership, bureaucracy and the Foreign Service lack bold strategic vision. The Defence Forces are the only organisation, which are trained and remain focused and updated on security and strategic matters. But sadly, they are kept out of the loop in making national policies. India has never had a General/Admiral/Air Marshal as National Security Adviser. India’s top military brass must be the most worthless in the world even in matters of national security, so this would indicate! Militarily, Pakistan has always somehow managed to receive military aid and latest weapons systems. The nuclear arsenal has emboldened its military leadership in raising the threshold for India. Indian military though outnumbers Pakistan, is relatively lowly equipped, mostly due to redtape and bureaucratic ambivalence in getting new weapons and equipment. Defence manpower is poorly paid and does not attract the right material.

However, now the strategic interests of USA and other Western nations are converging with India, due to Pakistan being accepted as an epicentre of terrorism and to checkmate China, which is having tremendous growth as an economic and military power. India needs to exploit this opportunity to tackle Pakistan on a long-term basis. However, there are no free lunches, as the saying goes. India will have to tilt towards USA and get closer to Western powers strategically. Also, India will have to modernise its Defence Forces on a fast-track basis.

India has some of the following strategic options:

On its own steam, conduct covert ‘tit for tat’ operations against Pakistan-sponsored acts of violence, as an immediate measure.

Reducing the economic and cultural relations with Pakistan to minimal.

Isolate Pakistan diplomatically .

As long-term measures, ensure neutralisation of Pakistan’s nuclear capability . The actual military/technological action may be taken by Israel and USA.

Also fomenting trouble in Sind and Baluchistan and facilitate their breaking away from the rest of Pakistan.

Caution Pakistan that if its behaviour does not improve, the Indus water treaty will have to be reconsidered.

The above measures are inevitable as Pakistan is unlikely to mend ways otherwise. India needs to set these strategic and bold goals and work towards achieving these in concert with friendly nations, as a long-term measure.

Lt Gen Harbhajan Singh (Retd)
Former Signal Officer in Chief
The writer is a security analyst
Courtesy Hindustan Times, Chandigarh Edition
Defence Talk: Engaging Pakistan

Genesis Of Pakistan Higher Command: Evolving to a State of World Terror

State Sponsored Terror
Excerpts of NJ Barrington letter (British High Commission Rawalpindi) addressed to MK Evans Esq, Commonwealth Relations office, SW1 dated 5 May 1966.

Ayub is going through a difficult time at the moment with opposition in both Wings and with critics inside the regime's "establishment". He still ultimately depends upon the Army to stay in power. The loyalty of Yahya is unquestioned but it might have been thought that Ayub would not at this juncture (despite the precedent of eight-year terms) dispensed with the services of Musa who is physically perfectly fit and has proved his loyalty so convincingly. The same applies to Riaz. The fact that the President has been prepared to make these changes is a sign of great confidence on his part in the general loyalty of the Army. It is still our view that although some colonels and below are discontented with the conduct of the recent war and subsequent policy the brigadiers and above are completely loyal to the President.

There remains the question of the attitude of the new appointees to India and Kashmir. As younger officers are promoted those reared in the artificially nationalistic atmosphere of post-Partition Pakistan are gradually reaching the higher posts. But they are not yet in sensitive posts, and despite reports in the Delhi press that Yahya "has long been known to be an advocate of a tough line towards India" the new team at G.H.Q., being more westernised and more intelligent than their predecessors, seem on the face of it much less likely to be led by the nose, as Musa must have been, into harebrained escapades in Kashmir without counting the cost.

MAJOR-GENERAL AGHA MOHAMMAD YAHYA KHAN, HJ, S.Pk (PA 98) GOC 7 DIVISION PESHAWAR
A Pathan of Afghan descent he was born in 1917 in Peshawar. Having obtained his B.A. at the Punjab University, he attended a course at the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, and was commissioned in 1939, was attached to the 2 Battalion The Worcester Regiment for one year and then joined the Baluch Regiment.

Prior to World War 11, Major-General Yahya Khan took part in operation on the North-West Frontier and during the war went overseas with his regiment and was active in Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Libya, Cyprus, Iraq and Italy. Whilst in Italy he was captured but successfully escaped from his POW camp.

He returned to India in 1945 and attended the 13th Staff College course in 1946, thereafter holding an appointment at GHQ before returning as an Instructor at the Staff College, Quetta. He was promoted T/Lt-Colonel in May 1949 and subsequently commanded a battalion of his regiment. After that, he was GSO I of a Division before his promotion to T/Brigadier in 1951.

With Abdul Hamid and Peerzada he was responsible for the planning of the operation by which Martial Law was imposed on the country. He "vas also probably in the small ring which planned and executed the take-over of the Government by Ayub in 1957.

A heavy drinker, womanizer, intriguer and possible anti-British. He is said to be a strong favourite as the next C-in-C of the Pakistan Army.

His tenure of appointment in 15 Division has been even shorter but he was GOC during the mobilization of the Army at the Rann of Kutch affair in 1965 and command this key division when it was deployed in battle positions on the Indo-Pakistan border. As he took the place of Lt-General Altaf Qadir in 7 division this may be looked upon as promotion. During the Indo-Pakistan conflict of September 1965 he seems to have commanded in the Chamb Sector. He was awarded an immediate HJ.

Brigadier P.H.D. Panton, CBE
January, 1966

MAJOR-GENERAL SAHABZADA MOHD YAQUB KHAN (PA 136)
One of the Princely Pataudi family. Born 23 Dec 1920 in Rampur, U.P. Educated in England and Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College, and Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun. He was commissioned in 1940 into the 18th Cavalry after a year with a British Infantry Regiment. The same year he went to the Middle East and served in 3 Ind Motor Brigade. Took part in the battle of MCHILI, withdrawal to TOBRUK and the siege of TOBRUK. He was later employed on security duties in Syria. He was taken prisoner by the Germans in 1942 and released in 1945. He returned to 18th Cavalry and was later appointed Adjutant of the Viceroy's Bodyguard. In 1948 he commanded the Governor General's Bodyguard. He later commanded an Inf Bn of the 1 st Punjab Regiment. In 1949 he graduated from the Command and Staff College Quetta. He also attended the War College, France. He commanded a number of Cavalry Regiments and 4 Armoured Brigade, he then served as Deputy Commandant Staff College Quetta. He was VCGS before taking over command of I Armoured Division early in 1961. In 1962 he became Commandant of the Command and Staff College, Quetta. During the Indo-Pakistan conflict of September 1965 he took over I Armoured Division after its Commander had led it to disaster.

Major-General Yaqub is an interpreter in French, Russian, German and Italian, most of which languages he learnt as a POW. A deep thinking intelligent and rather intellectual General who has the potential to reach the highest rank. He is however of a rather shy nature and one cannot see him inspiring his officers by the force of his personality though he might inspire admiration for his integrity and intellect. He always appears cool and collected but on the polo field can become emotional and excited, but then, so do so many polo players.

He was married to Lt-General Sher Ali Khan's sister, but in 1960 divorced her and married a girl who had been brought up in Calcutta. She is charming and sophisticated, having defied convention and gone, on her own, to seek education in England. She is shy until one gets to know her when she becomes an entertaining conversationalist. Yaqub is a first class polo player and always has good ponies.

Brigadier P.H.D. Panton, CBE
January, 1966

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ARMY HIGH COMMAND: PROFILES OF YAHYA AND YAOUB KHAN